

                                   TOKEN RING





       孮 ⥩ Token Ring 뫠  ।⠢ IBM  1982 .  
 1985 . 뫠
     祭 IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engeneers)  
⠭ 802.5.
     Token Ring ०  ᭮ 孮 IBM   
⥩ (LAN),
   㯠  ୮ । 孮 LAN ⮫쪮 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3.
      Token Ring ࠡ   ⮢묨 ᪮ﬨ - 4 /  16 
/. ࢠ
     ᪮ ।  ⠭ 802.5,     
⠭⮬ -䠪,
    訬  १ ࠧ 孮 Token Ring.
    Token Ring    奬 "",   
㭪樮  ᪮  .
     ᪮  㫨 થ (让  ᯥ樠쭮 
ଠ, 뢠  ⮪),   室  ⠭樨,   
墠뢠 . થ ᥣ 㫨   ࠢ. , 
騩 થ  襣 ᯮ ⨢ ᥤ । 
 ᯮ.  ⠭   砥   ⮣ 
થ  ࠢ  (  筮  થ) ᥤ 㧫 . 
 ᯮᮡ  㫨     ,   ⨣ 
⠭樨 - .  ᢮ ।  ⠭ ࠭   । 
 ⮪ 孥 ஢   ।  (     
- ਧ 祭).  થ ⨣ ⠭樨-ࠢ⥫ -  
᢮,    த 筮.
    Token Ring 16 / ᯮ ⠪ ᪮쪮 㣮  
㯠  , 뢠 ⬮ "࠭ ᢮ થ" 
(Early Token Release).  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⠭ । થ 㯠 
᫥饩 ⠭樨 ࠧ  ᫥ 砭 । ᫥  , 
  饭   ⮣   ⮬ ⢥ত ਥ. 
 ⮬ 砥 ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ᯮ  䥪⨢  
ਡ  80 %  쭮.  ଠ樮  㫨  
, થ    (᫨ ⮫쪮   ᯥ稢 
"࠭ ᢮ થ"), ⮬ 㣨 ⠭樨, 騥 । 
ଠ, 㦤 . ࠧ       
६ । ⮫쪮   ᫥⥫쭮,   Token Ring  
  . ᫨ ᯥ稢 ࠭ ᢮ થ,  
 થ   饭 ᫥ 襭 ।  .



       kn Ring ᯮ ᫮ ⥬ ਮ⮢,  
  ⠭  ᮪ ਮ⮬, 祭 
짮⥫,   짮 .   Token Ring 
ᮤঠ  ,  ࠢ ਮ⮬:  ਮ⮢   
१ࢨ஢.
쪮 ⠭樨  ਮ⮬,  ࠢ   稭 ਮ, 
ᮤঠ饩  થ,   . ᫥ ⮣,  થ 墠祭 
 (  १ 祣  ॢ⨫  ଠ樮 ), ⮫쪮 
⠭樨, ਮ   ਮ ।饩 ⠭樨,  
१ࢨ஢ થ  ᫥饣 室  .  樨 
᫥饣 થ   砥  ᮪ ਮ  
१ࢨ饩 ⠭樨. ⠭樨,   ஢ ਮ થ, 
 ⠭ ।騩 ஢ ਮ ᫥ 襭 ।.
  ⠭, 䥩  ⠭樨 ࠭  
।饩 ⠭樨  ᫥饩 ⠭樨  . ਮ᪨ 
ঠ⥫ થ 뫠   SOLICIT_SUCCESSOR  , ।  
⠭ ᮥ  .  ⮬  㪠  ࠢ⥫  
 ᫥騩   ⠭樨  . ⠭樨  ᠬ  ⮬  
ᮢ  ᮥ  .  ࠧ ࠭ 
㯮冷祭 (  ⠭) ᮢ  . ᫨   ⠭  
⪫㫠  SOLICIT_SUCCESSOR ,  ⠭-⥫ થ 
뢠  ⢥  த 㭪樮஢  筮. ᫨  
஢  ⪫,  ⪫ ⠭ 砥    
⠭ ᫥饩  . ᫨    ⠭樨 ⪫㫨,  
䨪 . ⠭-⥫ થ ᪠  
ࠧ襭 , 뫠  RESOLVE_CONTENTION.   - 
䨪 ⬠ ⭮ 筮 稪   ࠧ鸞.
  ⠭樨  䥩   , ⠭ 砩.  
祭 0,1,2  3. 祭  ⮢ । 稭 প,  
⪫ ⠭樨  ਣ襭   . 祭   
⠭  50mᥪ.
楤 祭  ⠭樨    蠥 襥 
࠭஢ ६  । થ  .   ⠭樨  
⠩,  뢠  ⠭ 砥 થ. ० 祬  
㤥 襭  祭 ࠢ  ன 稭. ᫨  
,  楤 祭 ⠭樨    ᪠.   
砥   ࠧ 砥    ⠭樨   ࠧ. 
᪨ ⠭   祭   ᪮ 㣮 ,  
ࠪ⨪   ᪮쪨 ᥪ㭤. ,  窨 ७ ਫ 
ॠ쭮 ६     ᫠  802.4.

          ⪫祭 ⠭樨   祭 . ⠭   
।⢥ S  ᫥⥫  諥  SET_SUCCESSOR,  
㪠뢠   뭥  ।⢥  S. ᫥ ⮣  
४頥 ।.
樠  -  ᯥ樠 砩 祭 ⠭樨  . 
 砫  ⠭ 砥  蠥 . ᫨   
㦨 ਧ ।,    CLAIM_TOKEN થ.
    ᫨ ७⮢  㦨,    થ ᠬ  
⠭    ⠭樨. ਮ᪨    
SOLICIT_SUCCESSOR, ਣ 㣨 ⠭樨   . ᫨  
砫  ࠧ  ⠭樨 뫨 祭,  ᪠  
⭮ 筮 稪   ࠧ鸞.

 ISU (Information Symbol Unit)   । ଠ樨


 

  Token Ring ᯮ ࠧ ⨯ ஢:
Data/Command Frame ( ࠢ/), Token (થ), Abort ( 
).


⭮ ᯥ祭 ⥩ Token Ring

 祭 ன  ARCNet ਬ ⮯ 設  . 
 ARCNet ন ⮤ 㯠 Token Bus (થୠ 設)
襭 ⠭権, ࠡ  ࠧ ᪮,     
᪠.







    - 訡 ।  ᡮ 㤮   ஡  
।祩 થ - . ⠭ Token Ring ⪮ । ⮤ 
ࠧ襭 :
  ࠧ襭    ⠭権 "" ᫥ 
।.
 砥, ᫨ ⠭ । થ ᥤ,     ६ 
⪫砥 (ਬ - ⭮ ᡮ),  ᫨  ᫥ । 
  થ,  થ 뫠 筮.
᫨   ୮ । થ 祣  ᫥,  ⠭ 
뫠 WHO_FOLLOWS ,  㪠  ⢥騩 ᥤ.   , 
⠭,  ன  ⢥ ⠭ - ।⢥, 諥  
SET_SUCCESSOR,  ⠭  ᥤ.  ⮬ ⢥ ⠭ 
᪫砥  .

   砥, ᫨ ⠭  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⠭,   ᫥  
 - ᪠  楤, 뫪  SOLICIT_SUCCESSOR_2.   
 楤 ࠧ襭 䫨⮢.  ⮬    
     ᤥ. ᪨  
⠭.
㣮  ஡ ,  ⠭ ঠ⥫ થ  
થ 祧  .  ஡ 蠥 ᪮ 楤 
樠樨 .   ⠭樨  ⠩,  뢠 
 ࠧ,  થ . ᫨ 祭 ⮣ ⠩ ॢ 
ன ࠭ ⠭ 祭 (time out),  ⠭  
 CLAIM_TOKEN.  ⮬ ᪠  ⭮ 筮 
稪.
᫨     થ஢  設, ⠭,  થ஬, 
㢨 । થ  設, 뢠 ᢮ થ.    
    ⠭ ஢  થ  ⥬.


  ⠭樨   ࠢ.   ⠭権 砥  ⨢ 
,  砥 ⥫ ⢥⢥  ࠢ 殬. 
⨢  ⢫ ࠢ ⠩-⮬  , ஦ 
 થ (᫨ 室), ⮡ ࠭ ࠡ祥 ﭨ,  
 ᪨   । ⥫⢠. ⨢ 
 롨ࠥ,   樠,   ⮬ ⢥  
㯨  ⠭ .  । ⨢  
᫥騩:  祭  ᫨ - ⠭樨  ⢨ 
,  뫠 CLAIM_TOKEN . ᫨  ࢠ,  ᫠ ⠪ 
,    ⠭ ஬


᫨  ⪠  - 稭,  堭,   
ண 㣨 ⠭樨 (१ࢭ )  ,   
 㤥  ⨢ ஬.    㭪権   㦨 
⨢   㤠   ﭭ 㫨  
. ᫨ ன⢮, ࠢ襥  ,
⪠,     ﭭ 㫨஢  .   
 㣨 ⠭ । ᮡ⢥    䠪᪨ 
 . ⨢     㤠 ⠪   
஢  થ.  㭪樥   ⠭ 
ન  , প   筠,  ⮣, ⮡   
㬥⨫ 24- થ.
ࠧ ⮯  IBM Token Ring ⠪ ᯮᮡ 襭 
饩  . ..  ଠ  Token Ring ᬠਢ 
⨢묨 MSAU,  ன⢠  ணࠬ஢ ⠪, ⮡  
஢﫨 稥 ஡   室 롮筮 㤠﫨 ⠭樨  
.
 Token Ring, 뢠 "ᨣ騬" (beaconing),   
⠥ ࠭  ࠢ . ᫨ - ⠭ 
㦨 쥧 ஡   (ਬ ⠪,   ),  
뫠 ᨣ  .    㪠뢠  
ࠢ,   室 ⠭, ᮮ  ࠢ,  
訩 ⨢ ᥤ, 室騩   祭 ⮪ ଠ樨 
(NAUN),  ,  室  .  樠 
, 뢠 "४䨣樥" (autoreconfiguration),  室 
ண 㧫, ᯮ  । ⪠襣 , ⮬᪨ 
믮 ⨪,  ४䨣஢   ⪠襩 
.  䨧᪮  MSAU  믮    ᪮ 
४䨣樨.



 

        50 ⠭権, ࠡ  ᪮ 10 /ᥪ  
஥ ⠪,   ⠭樨  ਮ⮬ 6 ⠥ 1/3 ய᪭ 
ᯮᮡ.   ⠭  ࠭஢  ਮ 6 
᪮   67 /.  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ   
ᯮ짮  ࠢ ன⢠  ॠ쭮 ⠡ ६.

   ஡  ᮧ 楢   "䨧᪠ " 
.   ।  ᪮ R Mbps.  ,   
1/R ms    . 뢠,  ᨣ ࠭  
᪮ 200 m/ms,     200/R ஢ . ,  
᪮ 1 bps   㦭 1   頥   5  
६.


⢨ 樨    થ஬  ,    
  殮, ⮡ થ  㬥   楫 
   ⠭樨 室  . প ᪫뢠   
⮢ - 1  প  䥩 ⠭樨  প  
࠭ ᨣ. 뢠,  ⠭樨  몫, ਬ
 , ᫥      ⢥ প, ᫨ 
  筮 .   㧪 ⠭樨     
થ஬ ࠧ ᬮ । ᢮ ᮮ饭.    㧪  
⠭権   ।  ।    ᮮ⢥⢨  楢 
⬮  墠뢠 થ   ।. ⥯ 㧪 
 㤥    ⨣ 100%.


ଠ થ


 થ ⮨   ,     .
  砫쭮 ࠭⥫   砫 થ,  ⠪  砫 
 , 室饣  .  ⮨  㭨쭮 ਨ 
᪨ ᮢ,  ⫨   ᮢ, 묨 
   㫨   . ⮬ 砫 ࠭⥫ 
     ⮢ ᫥⥫쭮.
  ஫ 㯠.     :
PPP T M RRR,
 PPP -  ਮ, T -  થ, M -  , RRR - 
१ࢭ .
   થ  ਮ, ⠭ ⠬ ਮ 
(祭  0  7, 7 - 訩 ਮ). ⠭  ᯮ짮 
થ஬, ᫨ ⮫쪮  稫 થ  ਮ⮬, 訬  ࠢ, 
祬  ᮡ⢥. ⥢  ⠭樨, ᫨   㤠 墠 
થ, 頥 ᢮ ਮ  १ࢭ  થ,  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 
砥, ᫨ ᠭ  १ࢭ  ਮ   ᮡ⢥. 
 ⠭ 㤥  २⢥   ᫥饬 㯫 
  થ.


 થ  祭 0  થ  1  .
  ⠭  1 ⨢ ஬   0  㣮 
⠭樥, ।饩 થ  . ᫨ ⨢ 
 થ  , ᮤঠ騩    1,  ⨢  
,     થ 㦥  襫     ࠡ⠭ 
⠭ﬨ. ᫨  ,   㤠  . ᫨  થ,  
⨢  ९뢠 ਮ  १ࢭ ⮢ 祭 
થ   ਮ. ⮬  ᫥饬 室 થ   
 墠 ⠭,  訩 ਮ.
  筮 ࠭⥫ - ᫥  થ.  ,    
砫쭮 ࠭⥫,   ᮤন 㭨  ᪨ 
ᮢ,     묨. ஬ ⬥⪨  થ  
 ⠪ ᮤন  :  ஬筮    訡.  
 ⭮    ,    ᬮਬ



Token ring  FDDI

孮 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - ࢠ 孮 
 ⥩,  ᯮ짮  ⢥ । ।  
⮢ .

FDDI    ।⠢ ᮡ த騩 ਠ Token Ring  
 ⨪.  ⫨砥  Token Ring FDDI ॠ  ࠤ樮 
業஢-"堡".   ⫨稥 FDDI  Token Ring  
 ।  ६, ..   FDDI  
६ 㫨஢ ᪮쪮 ஢.
 ᢮ ⮯  FDDI ⮨   ᪨   樥 
થ஢    ⨢ ࠢ.  ࠧ ᭮  
१ࢭ  ।   㧫 . ᯮ짮   - 
 ᭮ ᯮᮡ 襭 ⪠⮩稢   FDDI,  㧫, 
   ᯮ짮,   祭   栬.  
ଠ쭮 ० ࠡ   室 १  㧫   ⪨ 
 ࢨ筮 (Primary) , ⮬  ०  ० Thru - 
"᪢"  "࠭". 筮  (Secondary)  ⮬ ०  
ᯮ.  砥 -  ⪠,   ࢨ筮 
   ।  (ਬ,    ⪠ 㧫), 
ࢨ筮  ꥤ  
), ࠧ   .  ० ࠡ  뢠 Wrap,  
 "ᢥ뢠"  "᢮稢" .  ᢥ뢠 
ந ᨫ 業஢ / ⥢ ஢ FDDI.  
饭 ⮩ 楤   ࢨ筮  ᥣ । 
⨢ ᮢ ५,   筮 -  ᮢ. ⮬  
ࠧ 饣     ।稪 ⠭権 -० 
 祭묨  ਥ ᥤ ⠭権,   
ࠢ쭮 ।  ਭ ଠ ᥤ ⠭ﬨ.
 FDDI ⨣ ⮢ ᪮ 100 /

  楤 樠樨 FDDI ᪮쪮 ⫨砥  樠樨 Token 
Ring:

 믮 楤 樠樨  ⠭     
᢮ ॡ  ᨬ쭮 ६  ⮪  .  
ॡ ᮤঠ  ࠬ, 뢠 "ॡ㥬 ६  
⮪" - TTRT (Target Token Rotation Time).



ࠬ TTRT ࠦ ⥯ ॡ ⠭樨  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 
 - 祬  ६ TTRT, ⥬  ⠭   ⮪  
। ᢮ ஢. 楤 樠樨  ⠭ 㧭  
ॡ  ६  ⮪ 㣨 ⠭権   쭮 
६  ⢥ 饣 ࠬ T_Opr,  ᭮ ண  쭥襬 
㤥 । ய᪭ ᯮᮡ . ࠬ TTRT  
室  ।  4   165     ஬ 
.
 ஢ 楤 樠樨 ⠭樨  㦥묨 
ࠬ -஢ - ࠬ Claim.      ࠢ 
祭 1L00 0011,   祭 ᮤন  筨 (DA = 
SA),    ଠ樨 ᮤন 4- ⮢ 祭 訢 
६  ⮪ T_Req.
᫨ - ⠭ 蠥   樠樨   ᢮ 
樠⨢,   ନ  Claim Token  ᢮ 祭 ॡ㥬 
६  ⮪ TTRT,   ᢠ  T_Req ᢮ 祭 
TTRT. 墠 ⮪  ࠢ  Claim  ॡ.  㣠 
⠭, 稢  Claim Token, 稭 믮  Claim Token. 
 ⮬ ⠭樨 ⠭ ਧ 宦   ࠡᯮᮡ 
ﭨ Ring_Operational  ﭨ False,  砥 ⬥ ଠ 
権  । ⮪  ஢ .  ⮬ ﭨ ⠭樨 
 ⮫쪮 㦥묨 ࠬ Claim.
 믮 楤 樠樨  ⠭ ন ⠩ 
⥪饣 ६  ⮪ TRT (Token Rotation Timer),  
ᯮ ⠪   쭥襬  ࠡ   ଠ쭮 ०.  
饭  㤥 ,   ⠩,   㣨 ⠩ 
⠭樨, 樠 㫥 祭  ⥬ 騢 ᢮ 祭 
 । 稭, 뢠 ண 祭 ⠩. ( ॠ쭮 
 FDDI  ⠩ ࠡ  筮 ⥫쭮 ).
 TRT ᪠  ⠭樥  㦥  砫 
楤 Claim Token.  ⢥ ।쭮 祭 ⠩ 롨ࠥ 
ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ६  ⮪,   165 . 祭 
⠩ TRT  襭 楤 砥  㤠筮 砭 -  
 㤠 樠஢.  砥 㤠  Claim Token 
᪠  Beacon  Trace,    ⠭樨  
  ४⭮ ࠡ    ⪫   .
 ६ 믮  Claim Token  ⠭ ᭠砫  
ࠢ    Claim  祭 T_Req, ࠢ 祭  
ࠬ TTRT.  ⮬  ⠭ 祭 T_Opr, ࠢ 祭 
TTRT. ᬮਬ ਬ 樠㥬 , ਢ  㭪 9.
   ६  ⠭樨 ।   ᢮ ।  
祭 ᨬ쭮 ६  ⮪: 72 , 37 , 51   65 . 
⠭, ਭ  Claim  ।饩 ⠭樨, 易 ࠢ 祭 
T_Req, 㪠    祭 TTRT ᢮ ।.



᫨ 㣠 ⠭  ⠭ ६  ⮪ , 祬 
 (  T_Req < TTRT),   ⠭ ⠥ ஢ 
ᮡ⢥  Claim  稭  㦨  Claim, ⠪  
,      ॡ⥫ ⠭樨. ६ ⠭ 
䨪  ᢮ ६ T_Opr 쭮 祭 T_Req, ஥  
⨫  㦨  Claim. ᫨  襤訩   祭 
T_Req , 祬 ᮡ⢥ 祭 TTRT,   㤠  .
⠭,  筨   , ⢥⢥  , ⮡ 
㤠   , ᫥ ⮣,  , ᮢ訢  ,  
  .

    砫 ᨨ ࠧ ⠢ ⥩ ⠭ FDDI 뫨 
ࠧࠡ⠭ ⮬ 39.5  1986 - 1988 ,  ⮣   
ࢮ 㤮 - ⥢ , 業,   
⨧, ন騥  ⠭.
 饥 ६ 設⢮ ⥢ 孮 ন ⮢ 
  ⢥   ਠ⮢ 䨧᪮ ஢,  FDDI ⠥ 
 ࠡ⠭ ᮪᪮⭮ 孮, ⠭   
諨 ஢ ६  﫨, ⠪  㤮 ࠧ 
ந⥫ 뢠  ⥯ ᮢ⨬.




     楢 ⮯    ᯮ ப.
।  ᫥ ⮨   ᮡ  -   ।  
⢥
㯮,  ᫥⥫쭮 ᮥ 窠-窠, ࠧ .
 窠-窠  祭,  ࠡ  ࠧ 䨧᪨ 
।:
 , ᨠ  ⮢. ᮡ ।  ᭮ ஢,  
 ६
  802.3  ⥫쭠  .
